小议吴三桂--景玉川
<section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="41801" style="margin-bottom:unset"><section style="margin:10px 0px"><section style="margin-bottom:unset"><p><img src="https://mmbiz.qlogo.cn/mmbiz_gif/bL2iaicTYdZn7k0Fpdw7RkiblwdpdMJ2UR5qhLZLnjJ0MLtib7YdPobk0VuoqOtDYq2kEuVUANSbHKHibTWF63HO2Bg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="display:block;width:100%;vertical-align:bottom" data-width="100%"/></p></section><section style="background-color:rgb(244, 248, 255);padding:15px;box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:unset"><section style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:1.75;margin-bottom:unset"><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">到山海关旅游的人，一般都会想起吴三桂。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">(1612-1678年)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">是一位历史人物，应永远订在汉民族的耻辱柱上。他和他的家族最后以悲剧收场，未得“善终”，应了佛教所说的因果报应。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">恸哭六军俱缟素，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">冲冠一怒为红颜”。因李自成的农民军为了逼取财物，杀了吴三桂在北京的家人，并抢走了他的爱妾陈圆圆，1644年5月（农历四月），负责镇守山海关的吴三桂，竟然大开关门，迎女真人入关，并联合清兵打败了李自成。吴三桂因献关之功，清廷封他为平西王，接着又给予一连串的奖赏，</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吴</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三桂后来帮助</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">清廷也特别卖力。</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">李自成</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">军</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">败</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">退，吴三桂紧跟一路</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">追</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">杀，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">顺治二年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">(1645</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，吴军攻克延安、鄜州，进逼西安，“斩敌数万首级”。吴军所到之处，动辄“屠城”，鸡犬不留。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">李自成被迫率兵出武关南逃，吴三桂马不停蹄一路追击，占襄阳，进武昌，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">直到李</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">自</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">成在湖北通城九宫山</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">败</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">死</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吴三桂</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">再率部</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">东向进入</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">江西</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">九江</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">……</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">他进九江所为，史料不见记载，应是扑杀江南明军。在以后的岁月里，吴三桂配合清军征讨李自成和明王朝的残余势力，力图斩尽杀绝。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">清廷为了进一步拢络吴三桂，将公主嫁了给吴的长子</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴应熊（1636-1674年）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。1653年，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">17岁的吴应熊由孝庄皇太后（康熙祖母）主婚，与清建宁公主（即</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">和硕恪纯长公主）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">成婚。此后，吴应熊便以额驸（驸马）的身份留居京城（实则为清廷人质）。第二年，清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">又授吴应熊三等子爵，1660年加少保兼太子太保。1668年，又晋封他为少傅兼太子太傅。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">1657年，吴</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三桂任</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">平西大将军南征云</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">南、</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">贵</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">州</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">他率部消灭了</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">明</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">王朝</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">最后一个政权</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">——南明</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/1422594-1503725.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">桂王</span></a><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/3736483-3925763.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">永历政权</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">永历帝</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">逃亡到缅甸</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">两</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">后</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">又</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">引兵入</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/2522577-2665271.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">缅甸</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，迫</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">使</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">缅甸</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">国</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">王交出</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">永历帝</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5962371-6175319.html"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">朱由榔</span></span></a><br/><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">(1623-1662年)</span><br/><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">及其家属</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。康熙元年(1662年)，吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">将他们押解回国，在</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5032514-5258895.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">昆明</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">将</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">永历帝</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">与其子朱慈煊</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">处死，吴</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">亲手用弓弦勒死了</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5962371-6175319.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">永历帝朱</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">由榔</span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">随同的</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">家属</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:Arial">20</span>多人虽苦苦哀求，但仍全被处死</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。</span><span style="font-family:微软雅黑;color:#121212;font-size:18px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:微软雅黑;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">狡兔死，良狗亨；高鸟尽，良弓藏</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">叱咤一方，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">尽管</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">他</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">与清室有政治联姻，但</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">当他们为清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷扫除了农民起义军和明朝的残余势力后，离他们自己灭亡也已不远。为避免</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂这类拥有军事实力的降臣坐大，威胁清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷统治，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷开始考虑如何约束这些手握军权、不值得信任的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">叛臣。叛臣中最有势力的便是云南</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">平西王</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">还有</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5345568-5581013.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">福建</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">靖南王</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5733400-5946143.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">耿精忠</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">、</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/2671265-2820914.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">广东</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">平南王</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5328255-5563427.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">尚可喜</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，史上</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">为“</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/3428093-3607887.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三藩</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">康熙十二年(1673年)，康熙下令撤藩</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，引起吴三桂等的不满，他们相约同举反叛之旗抗清。这年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">十一月，吴三桂诛杀</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">了</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/9443308-9784520.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">云南巡抚</span></a><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/6828516-7045711.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">朱国治</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">自称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">天下都招讨兵马大元帅</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">联络</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">靖南王</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5733400-5946143.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">耿精忠</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">、</span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">平南王</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/5328255-5563427.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">尚可喜</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">提出</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">兴明讨虏</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”口号</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">共同</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">起兵</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">反</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">抗清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">史称“</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/6640084-6853896.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三藩之乱</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">就在</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂起兵的那一年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">十二月（应到了1674年）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂反清的消息传到北京，其子吴应熊父子被捕入狱；第二年（1674年)农历五月十八日，朝廷将“吴应熊及其子吴世琳处绞，其余幼子俱免死入官”。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">几年后的1681年，清廷</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">平定“三藩之乱”，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">康熙又下令将曾被“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">免死入官”的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴应熊与和</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">建宁</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">公主所生的幼子与公主全部处死，吴三桂的后人就这样被“斩草除根”。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">据说吴三桂在起事前，曾派人入京城劝说</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴应熊出走，但这位附马爷不知利害，没有答应，最后他和儿女全被处死。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">可怜的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">建宁</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:18px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">公主</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">从此孤苦伶仃，举目无亲，1703年凄凉去世，时年63岁，成了真正的政治牺牲品。 </span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂起兵开初顺利，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">多地反清复明势力</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">纷纷响应</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，吴军一路势如破竹，打了不少胜仗，即将饮马长江。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">形势</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">似乎</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">对吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">大</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">利</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，故</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">1678年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">3月</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，吴三桂在衡</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">州（</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">衡阳</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">）</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">登基</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">帝，国号</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">大周</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，并</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">发檄文</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">讨清。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">还</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">率部</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">属</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">祭扫</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">明</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/1422594-1503725.html"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">桂王</span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">陵墓，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">他在墓前“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">恸哭，伏地不能起</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">……</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">尽管如此，但吴三桂引狼入室，前</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">叛</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">后反，</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">对农民军残酷镇压，动辄屠城，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">又不遗余力将</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">明</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">室</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">后裔斩尽杀绝</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，其所作所为在人们心中，尤其是在士人中难得到同情</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">据载：吴三桂称</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">帝</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">那天，突然天昏地暗，狂风大作，</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吹</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">翻了</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">临时搭</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">建</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">的</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">摆设筵席的</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">帐篷</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。这些，似乎是不祥之兆。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴起兵反清五年，因所拥有的云、贵两地均较贫困，经济吃紧，加上清廷对“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#4D4F53;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">三藩</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”采取分化瓦解的政策，形势渐趋对</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吴</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">不利。</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">暮年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">的</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吴三桂</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">不免</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">焦虑</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">难安，偏偏这年夏天</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">衡</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">阳</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">酷热，肝火过</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">旺的</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">吴三桂</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">突然中风</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">接着</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">又添</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">下痢</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">病症</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。几天后的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">八月十八日夜，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">仅</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">做了五个多月</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">皇帝的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">在衡阳皇宫</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">驾崩</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，时年六十七岁</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">。吴死后，他的“大周”政权坚持了数年，最后被清朝剿灭。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂起兵反清时，曾邀昔日至交、安徽人</span><a href="https://baike.so.com/doc/4678135-4891901.html"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:宋体">谢四新</span></span></a><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">入其幕府，但</span><br/></p><p style=";-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#222222;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">洪承畴幕僚当过参军的</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">谢</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:宋体">四新</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">谢绝了吴的邀请，写了一首七律作答。中间四句云：</span><br/><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 112px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">“</span><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">复楚未能先覆楚，</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 131px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">帝秦何必又亡秦!</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 131px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">丹心早为红颜改，</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 131px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">青史难宽白发人</span><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">”</span><span style=";font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px">。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 38px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px">据说吴读谢</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:宋体">四新</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px">诗后，很不以为然。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 38px;line-height: 24px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px">但身负</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“贰臣”之名的吴三桂降清反清，叛明复明，都是基于个人私利，所以最后只能身败名裂、家破族亡。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#121212;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂的败亡，缘于自取，但伴随着千百万无辜百姓的死亡。历史上</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">每一次改朝换代，都是以无数人的生命为代价。特别是在不同民族之间发生冲突时，人命低贱如蚁。魏晋时的北朝如此，隋唐后五代十国时的北方，也是如此。元与清政权的诞生，入侵的蒙古人与女真人，更是杀人如麻。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">每一次战争，中原地区都是杀戮的重灾区。中国历史上三次人口大迁移，均因外族入侵进行大杀戮所致。第一次为</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">西</span><span style="font-family:微软雅黑;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">晋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">末东</span><span style="font-family:微软雅黑;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体">晋</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">初北方大乱，大量中原人被迫“衣冠南渡”；第二次为公元</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">755年</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">唐</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“安史之乱”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">，战乱让民众南逃</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">；第三次则是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">北</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">宋末年的“靖康之难</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">”后。三次人口大规模南移都是异</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">族南侵的结果，元、清两代，虽也是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">异</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">族入侵，但这两次蒙古人与女真人都打过了长江，江南人民从想要“南移”，也已经无处可移。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">庐山山南星子县，上世纪八十年代人口普查，有70%以上的村庄</span><br/></p><p style=";-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">是明初从外地迁入的。说明在这块土地上，明代以前的居民，不是逃亡就是被杀尽。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">尽管元代与清代统治者在江南也施行了无情的杀戮，但中原社会遭受的战争，其次数之多，时间之长，伤害之重，还是远过江南，今天的北方，已很难以找到明代建立的村落。我曾入住张家口宣化区一个叫武家庄的村庄，询问此村与附近一带村落的历史，被告之这些村子最长也不过二百多年，都是由清以后才迁入的外省人所建。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:19px">每一次朝代兴亡更替，都伴随着惨烈的战争，每一次都有千万无辜百姓陪葬。元代诗人</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">张养浩的</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">散曲</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">《山坡羊·潼关怀古》</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">云：</span><br/><br/></p><p style="text-indent:37px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;font-size:19px">“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:38px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">吴三桂的成败与其家族的兴亡，令人想起了《三国演义》开头那首“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 19px">临江仙”</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">：</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:38px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">“是非成败转头空</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">……</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">古今多少事，都付笑谈中”。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:38px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">但提及被吴三桂和清</span><span style="font-family:宋体;color:#333333;font-size:19px;-webkit-background-clip:initial">廷屠杀的千百万生灵，人们恐怕又很难笑得起来。</span><br/></p><p style="text-indent:327px;-webkit-background-clip:initial"><span style=";font-family:仿宋;font-size:19px">2023.10 .10</span><br/></p><p><br/></p></section></section><section style="margin-bottom:unset"><p><img src="https://mmbiz.qlogo.cn/mmbiz_gif/bL2iaicTYdZn7k0Fpdw7RkiblwdpdMJ2UR5x5lMTXV2fUibydp0cxabWQk6dXjONoAtPJBhQzicEw89w26iaT8iahcPbA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="display:block;width:100%;vertical-align:bottom" data-width="100%"/></p></section></section></section><p></p><section style="margin-bottom:unset"><p><br/></p></section><p></p><p></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.shanglushan.com/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_Bpi" id="wcn_editor_css"/> 不懂历害。 有才的人 点赞 挺有才的啊 进去看看。 好的，以阅读 不错不错不错 谢谢分享，已阅读 进来看看 路过看看
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